It's interesting to note that there is no long-term trend in the statewide minimum temperature, but lest we conclude that extreme cold is just as common as it used to be, we must recognize that there are now far more observing sites than there used to be; so the chance of picking up an exceptionally cold reading has increased greatly over time. But this raises an interesting question: what do we mean by "far more observing sites"? Has the number of stations doubled in the past 50 years? Tripled?
The chart below shows an estimate of the number of stations that might be considered candidates for observing the state's minimum temperature in any given winter. This is a subset of all of Alaska's climate reporting sites: many of them have no chance of being the state's coldest, so there's no point including them in this analysis. My simple and admittedly crude method to categorize the stations was to simply exclude sites that have never reached -50°F or below; for my purpose here, any location that has reported -50°F or lower is a candidate to be included in the analysis.
From the subset of candidate locations, I then examined all sites that were active in each winter (at least 90% complete data from November-March) and finally removed clusters of densely-spaced stations by applying a minimum separation criterion. The last step is designed to correct for the fact that there are clusters of stations in certain areas (e.g. Fairbanks) in the modern era, and the temperatures reported within each cluster are highly correlated; so it doesn't make sense to count them all as independent additions to the observing network.
If we don't filter the stations by separation (i.e. include them all), we find that the number of candidate locations almost tripled from the middle part of the 20th century (around 50 sites) to an apparent peak of 141 sites in 2009. However, as we remove sites that are close to each other, the modern increase is less dramatic; for a minimum separation of 10km, the number of stations has approximately doubled since 1950. Nevertheless, it's clear that the state has enjoyed a large increase in the number of sites (driven largely by the RAWS and SNOTEL networks, I think), and this is presumably at least part of the explanation for why the statewide minimum temperatures have not increased despite overall warming in Alaska's winter climate.
One other point that stands out to me: note how few stations there were in the early decades of the 20th century, but the statewide minimum nevertheless reached -60°F to -70°F almost every winter. I'd bet that if we still only had 10 stations active in the colder parts of the state today, the minimum temperature chart would look rather different.
As an aside, here's a map of Alaska GHCN stations categorized by whether or not they have reported -50°F or lower (click to enlarge). Note that I required at least 10 winters of available data to categorize a station as having NOT reported -50°F, so short-lived stations that never reached -50°F are excluded.
1. Having more stations doesn't necessarily mean more low temps. That will only be true if the more recent yearly statewide minimums were predominantly from newer stations. That's something that can be checked.
ReplyDelete2. I think it can be assumed that state minimums are near state records. So if a station is near a record cold spot, it's probably near a yearly minimum spot.
3. What if you assumed that no new stations were built after 1940 or 1950 or 1980 but the existing stations did exist? What would the minimum graph look like? You could get confidence intervals and make this really complicated.
4. Minimums are somewhat independent of the mean. We can still have relative flat changes in minimums but still have the drastic winter temp increases of recent (though most changes occurred in 1977).
5. I bet with a negative NPM, negative ENSO, and possible negative PDO this next winter, we will see plenty of -50℉.
Eric, thanks for the comments. Replies are below for the points on which I have something to say.
Delete1. No, not necessarily, but if the distribution of new stations is random, then it should be true. In the past 15 years, the statewide minima have been set at Bettles (twice, at the suspiciously cold SNOTEL site), Chandalar Lake (twice), Chicken (7 times), O'Brien Creek (twice), Wiseman (once), Fort Yukon (twice), and Delta 6N (twice). Of these stations, 4 are quite new (Bettles SNOTEL, Chicken, O'Brien Creek, and Delta 6N), and the long-term historical record is patchy for the others.
3. The problem is that many of the sites that observed the statewide minimum in early years are no longer active, so we don't know how the chart would look if it only used older sites. For example, Allakaket is the leader in number of winters reporting the statewide minimum, but they stopped reporting in 1982.
4. Yes - somewhat independent.
5. Some folks are hoping you are correct!
"Some folks" want snow but I doubt they want extreme cold (Anchorage area). And there are those that might live above the inversion layer that typically forms during cold in Interior Alaska, and/or have never spent a truly cold winter in Fairbanks. Why worry?
DeleteTaking care of a -50F dwelling and vehicles plus suffering air pollution all on a fixed income in the low land bowl can be a challenge many of the "hopers" are not tasked with.
I hope they never get a chance to work through it.
Gary