The charts below are the same as before, but with 2017's annual values appended with the dashed black lines. 2017's mean temperature was slightly lower than 2016 in most of the column, and the annual minimum was lower than for 2016 at each level between about 0.25m and 1.5m depth. We know why this is: winter 2016-2017 was cooler than the other winters since 2013-14, and March 2017 in particular was unusually cold, so this provided a slight recovery in the condition of the permafrost.
Readers will note that the warming trend apparently continued unabated at the top layers just below the surface, but this appears to be at least partly related to some rather substantial ground subsidence relative to the temperature instrument in recent years. From 2007 through 2016, the second level below ground was reported as 12cm, but in 2016-17 this changed to 8cm, and in the most recent year (2017-2018) it was reported as only 4cm. The top-level sensor started at 2.5cm below ground but is apparently now 6cm above ground! I haven't made the vertical adjustment on the chart, but obviously this could make a rather big difference at the top levels.
It's worth looking again at the temperature trace from the sensor at 0.525m (now 0.44m) - see below. The effect of March 2017 is obvious, but I think what is more striking is the fact that this level almost failed to re-freeze in the subsequent winter (2017-2018); the temperature didn't drop below freezing until March 14, the minimum was -0.24°C on April 11, and it was back up to -0.09°C by the end of the data series on June 1.
Of course winter 2017-2018 was very warm in Fairbanks (13°F above normal in December), but the unusually deep snow cover probably also contributed to the lack of a subsurface cold wave in late winter; the ground was well insulated from the cold above, and there wasn't much cold to diffuse downward.
These results are all taken from just one location; what about others? I did similar analysis with data from two sensors at the Bonanza Creek ecological research site, which is about half way between Fairbanks and Nenana. At the first sensor, the trends since 2010 are similar to those at Smith Lake, but 2017 produced very similar temperatures to 2016 instead of seeing a small recovery towards colder conditions. (Note that the sensor depths have trended in the opposite direction at this location, with the top sensor dropping from 7cm in 2010 to 11cm in 2017-18.)
The temperature time series at 52cm depth is quite remarkable when we look at the late winter minima; there has been a stair-step pattern of 2°C increases at two-year intervals (2014, 2016, 2018). And just like at Smith Lake, the last winter in the series shows no hard freeze at this level about 20 inches below the surface; the winter's minimum was only -0.1°C.
The same thing is evident closer to the surface; even at the shallow level of 22cm (now 26cm), the 2017-2018 winter minimum was only -0.7°C.
And for comparison, here's a quick look at the same levels from the second permafrost site at Bonanza Creek. It's essentially the same story, although winter 2015-2016 also saw very minimal re-freeze at the half-meter depth.
In conclusion, it's striking to see the rapid pace of change at these permafrost sites in interior Alaska. Not only has warming occurred throughout, and the active layer deepened (i.e. seasonal thaw extends deeper), but we're seeing layers that were formally permafrost now almost fail to refreeze in winter (e.g. 0.5m level at Smith Lake).
In last September's post I said that "Smith Lake #1 may soon see seasonal ice atop permanent thaw", but I wasn't imagining that something like this would appear in the very next year of data. What will the next annual update reveal?
These data are remarkable Richard. Thanks for the follow-up with 2017 data and looking farther afield at permafrost temperatures at Bonanza Creek. Brian Brettschneider recently posted a map showcasing temperature trends for max and min temperatures by county over the past aprox. 100 years. What struck me was that the Fairbanks area is getting hit hard by both significant rises in max. and min. temp. We all understand the cryosphere is a delicate dance with temperature, but it is somewhat alarming to see the response of the active layer growing in such a short period of time. I can't recall if Rick Thoman thought the trend for Fairbanks would be more snow with sea ice remaining open longer. A thick insulating snowpack will both insulate the ground from harder freeze and put more water into the soil (added more latent heat to promote permafrost melt).
ReplyDeleteThanks for the comment, Tracy. I agree the trends are remarkable! Your comment about increased water supply is interesting, because there have been some very wet summers recently; I wonder if warm-season water trends could play a role in addition to snowpack changes.
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